Facilitating substance phase‐out through material information systems and improving environmental impacts in the recycling stage of a product

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e‐waste ends up in regions with sub‐standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design‐for‐environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase‐outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing‐out substances; facilitating compliance of legal provisions for manufacturers of electrical and electronic devices; and improving the environmental footprint of products as they reach the end of the life cycle. After an introduction to the challenges of electronics waste management, this paper describes supply chain information systems and how they are used to facilitate substance phase‐outs in the electronics industry. Sony Ericsson has been working with phase‐outs of unwanted substances since it was founded in 2001. Through the introduction of a material declaration system that keeps track of all substances in the components used in the company's products, Sony Ericsson has been able to replace unwanted substances to improve environmental impacts at the recycling stage of a product.     

Species-specific and context-dependant disruption of temporal population fluctuations resulting from hypereutrophication events

This study quantifies the disruption of zooplankton population fluctuations in relation to two magnitudes of fire retardant contamination events using artificial ponds as model systems. Population time series were analysed using redundancy analysis where time was modelled with a principal coordinate of neighborhood matrices approach that identified relevant scales of fluctuation frequencies. Analyses of temporal coherence provided insight whether population fluctuations correlated with system intrinsic or extrinsic forces. Responses to stress were species-specific and context-dependant. Contamination changed temporal structure in some species. These alterations were associated with an increased intrinsic control of dynamics. In some cases the magnitude of impact was unrelated to contamination severity. Some populations were less tolerant of pollution in the low relative to the high concentration treatment. Results suggest that population-level monitoring of degraded sites may be suboptimal because disparate population responses complicate the selection of specific sentinel organisms to monitor stress.     

基于连通法的甲烷简化机理构筑研究

采用连通法，针对甲烷复杂反应机理，成功地进行了不同水平的机理简化研究。通过建立组分依赖关系的正规化Jacobian矩阵，精确地查明了燃烧组分之间的耦合关系，分别构造出仅包含重要化学路径的两个动力学简化模型，获得的简化机理分别包含227和138个反应，分别涉及39和26种组分。通过对层流预混火焰结构的模拟，所得简化机理和原详细反应动力学机理关于火焰结构的计算吻合很好，计算结果显示，两个简化机理具有较高的模拟精度。     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

胶束形态对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)增溶典型苯系物行为的影响

研究了30℃条件下,浓度为1.2×10-4mol·l-1—2.88×10-2mol·l-1的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)溶液的吸光度及相应浓度条件时对典型苯系物(苯、甲苯和乙苯)的增溶作用.利用表面活性剂的紫外吸收随浓度变化这一特性,从其不同的拐点处求得CTAB的第一、第二临界胶束浓度分别为7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1.在实验浓度范围内,CTAB溶液对苯、甲苯和乙苯的表观溶解度增溶曲线上同样得到两个拐点,即苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,甲苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和7.2×10-3mol·l-1以及乙苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,这与第一、第二临界胶束浓度相等或相近.由于溶液中CTAB胶束形态随浓度增加而变化,表明胶束形态对CTAB增溶苯系物的行为有显著影响。     

溴代阻燃剂在土壤中的迁移转化研究进展

BFRs（溴代阻燃剂）是一种重要的持久性有机污染物,各种传统和新型的BFRs（PBDEs、TBBPA、DBDPE、BTBPE等）在全球环境中被广泛检出,其持久性、生物蓄积性以及对环境和人类健康的潜在毒性引起了人们的极大关注.在归纳和总结国内外关于BFRs在土壤中的迁移转化行为规律研究动态的基础上,重点讨论了吸附/解吸、光降解的机理和影响因素以及厌氧、好氧微生物降解和植物代谢的特点和降解途径.结果表明:吸附/解吸是BFRs在土壤中迁移转化的关键过程,土壤有机质含量和pH是影响其在土壤中迁移的主要影响因素.光解、微生物降解是BFRs在土壤中的主要转化途径,光解是表层土壤中BFRs的主要转化过程,逐步脱溴产生低溴化产物,溴化程度、土壤有机质和矿物质会直接影响其光解速率;厌氧脱溴和好氧微生物降解是BFRs在深层土壤中的主要降解过程,溴化程度与微生物降解密切相关.土壤中BFRs被植物吸收的过程中可能被代谢为低溴化产物,在食物链中积累,危害人体健康.尽管多年来在BFRs方面的研究取得了进展,但对这类污染物的环境行为和归趋的全面了解仍然很难,随着越来越多的新型BFRs被作为传统BFRs的替代品推向市场,建议对这些新兴替代化学品在土壤介质中的迁移转化过程,特别是生物降解进行更多的调查.      

燃气加热炉火焰视频监控系统设计

为了持续监测燃气工业加热炉燃烧状况,保障锅炉运行安全,根据燃气火焰的特点,利用数字图像处理技术,设计了相应的燃气加热炉火焰视频监控系统。通过图像预处理、火焰特征提取、火焰特征分析三个步骤,可实现对炉膛火焰燃烧状态进行实时判定,包括火焰燃烧或熄灭、燃烧是否充分、是否稳定。仿真实验结果表明,该系统能准确地从监控视频中检测和识别火焰燃烧状态,并能将燃烧特征量和特征分析结果存储到数据库以供事后查询。     

磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)诱导人胚肾细胞HEK293凋亡的机制研究

磷系阻燃剂对人体的潜在毒性作用引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。肾脏是机体重要的排毒器官,若肾脏细胞受损,可能影响肾脏功能的正常发挥。本研究以人胚肾细胞HEK293为研究对象,结合传统毒理学实验,筛选出磷酸三苯酯(TPP)及磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)诱导人胚肾细胞HEK293凋亡的关键靶标基因p53。在此基础上采用分子对接模拟和光谱法分析发现,TPP和TCPP分别以嵌插方式和沟槽方式结合p53-DNA,改变基因片段的框架结构,启动分子起始事件,通过影响相关基因(Bax、Hrk、Bcl-2和Bad)的表达量,导致线粒体途径释放cyt c,最终激活Caspase 7实现细胞凋亡。研究结果阐明了此类污染物诱导凋亡的作用机制,为毒害化学品的污染防控提供理论依据。     

芳纶1313纤维的特点及其在个体防护服装领域的应用

对芳纶1313纤维的发展历程、性能特点、生产加工、产品应用等各个方面进行了详细的阐述。芳纶1313纤维是一种性能优异的阻燃耐热纤维,在安全生产领域有着广阔的应用前景。自问世以来历经半个多世纪的发展,其在安全生产领域的应用价值已经得到广泛的认可。由于芳纶1313纤维具备一系列的突出优点,同时也存在某些缺陷,因此建议扬长避短,充分发挥这种纤维的种种优点,同时通过纤维改性、改进和优化生产工艺等方法,充分发挥其在安全生产领域的应用,使之产生应有的社会效益和经济效益。     

芳纶在阻燃防护服中的应用及检测

本文介绍了间位芳纶和对位芳纶的性能,并对利用其性能制作的阻燃防护服进行了检测。